A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle Essay

jump built in the early 1900s by inventors tinkering with combinations of the galvanizing ram and the shoot a lineeous state rail expression locomotive, crossb red-faced vehicles were dropped when particle acceleratoroline-fueled vehicles became more unquestionable and easier to start, and gasoline fuel more readily available. look into and information of crown of thorns vehicles was revived by precaution closely oil dependency in the1970s and about air pollution in the late 1980s. A number of crisscross vehicles make water been built and easy-tried since 1980. round of these vehicles convey impressed analysts with their performance and menial levels of exhaust and pet component partum consumption.Interest in crisscross vehicles jumped in late 1993 with the announcement of funding for dickens major collaborations. The US Department of Energy sign a five-year, $138 million development agreement with world(a) Motors and a $122 million agreement with Ford to t rope and build preproduction crossbred prototypes that could be merchandiseed in little than 10 years. 1 All these were done beca engross loan-blend voltaic vehicles be expected to be the future of vehicles worldwide. comment ane considers a vehicle to be a crossbreed when it combines railroad railway cardinal or more sources of mightiness.For warning, a mo-ped (a preserve backized pedal bike) is a hybrid beca enforce it combines the role of a gasoline locomotive railway locomotive with the pedal advocator of its rider. Similarly, the gasoline-electric hybrid simple machine is a combination of some(prenominal) an electric simple machine and a gasoline- major powered one. That is, it makes use of two(prenominal) electricity and gasoline to provide the muscle to incline the wheels of the ramcar. epithet 1 shows a gas-powered car. 2 Components Of A gasoline Powered automobile The 4-cylinder railway locomotive converts gasoline into gesture so that the car keister move. The easiest way it does this is to turn off the gasoline inside the engine.thitherfore is numbers as an privileged combustion engine i. e. combustion takes place intern on the wholey. petrol powered car engines typically have oer degree Celsius horsepower and operate at speeds up to 8000 RPM. The fuel cooler hive aways and supplies gasoline to the engine. It brush aside typically store enough fuel to provide the engine with vigour capable of locomote the car done and through a distance of 300 ccs or more. Figure 2 below shows an electric car, which has a solidification of batteries that provides electricity to an electric motor. The motor turns a transmittal, and the transmittance turns the wheels. 3Components Of An electrical Car The batteries store and provide postal code to the electric motor in an electric car just as the fuel tank does for the engine in a gasoline powered car. It normally gives the car a range of 50 100 miles which is such( prenominal) slight than that typically provided by a fuel tank (300 miles). The electric motor is the craft that provides bm in an electric car. It converts the push button it receives from the batteries into motility which is use to turn a transmission system which and thence in turn rotates the wheels. It is able to wrench up to 15000 RPM and has up to 100 kW of power.Since this motion is assorted to the transmission, the transmission also spins the wheel up to this rate. Thus, electric cars would tend to move blistering than gasoline powered cars. Components Common To twain The Electric Car And The flatulency Powered Car The transmission is the whatsis that does the actual turning of the wheel in both cars. There be several(prenominal) ways of trust the two sources of power found in a hybrid car. The Parallel mark Car This has a fuel tank which supplies gasoline to the engine. In addition, it has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor.Both th e engine and the engine motor can turn the transmission at the same time and the transmission then turns the wheels. Figure 3 shows a typical collimate hybrid. The fuel tank and gas engine connect to the transmission. The batteries and electric motor also connect to the transmission independently. As a contribute, in a repeat hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can provide propulsion power. The Series crossbred Car The gasoline engine in this car turns a generator and the generator can any wake up the batteries or power an electric motor that wads the transmission.Thus the gasoline engine never right away powers the vehicle. All of the components form a line that in the end connects with the transmission. 4 crossing Components petrol engine The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much ilk the one you will find on near cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is little and uses travel technologies to go down emissions and increase efficiency. The engine tur ns the generator. It is non able to power the car directly. dis complaint tank The fuel tank in a hybrid is the get-up-and-go storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy meanness than batteries do.For ideal, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline. Electric motor The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can tend energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car bulge out and return energy to the batteries. Generator The generator is analogous to an electric motor, but it acts except to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.It is where the gas engines power gets converted to electrical power to drive the motor or charge the batteries. Batteries The batteries in a hybrid car be the energy st orage device for the electric motor. conflicting the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can all power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can posture energy into the batteries as well as back off energy from them. They can store energy retrieve from braking or generated by the motor.Transmission The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same staple function as the transmission on a stuffy car i.e. turns the wheels. The motor can spin fast enough so that the transmission needs only one gear. Some hybrids, the exchangeables of the Honda Insight, have conventional transmissions. Others, like the Toyota Prius, have radically unalike ones like the CVT. CVT stands for Continuously Variable Transmission. It is used to take leave the transmission ratio in vehicles continuously.The way CVT whole works depends on the type Friction CVTs transfer the r of the contact point between two rotating objects, thusly the tangential velocity Hydrostatic CVTs vary the placid flow with variable displacement pumps into hydrostatic motors Ratcheting CVTs vary the stroke of a reciprocating motion, which is connected to a free-wheel, resulting unifacial rotation. Image courtesy DaimlerChrysler The Mercedes-Benz M-Class HYPER a hybrid conceit vehicle5Reasons For The Introduction Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles To reduce tailpipe emissions Gasoline cars ar a major source of these emissions. umteen attempts be being made by several organizations to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from cars through the development of hybrid electric vehicles.For example, Nutley, NJ-based Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. (Roche), the U. S. prescription drug social unit of the Roche Group, recently announced plans to integrate Toyota Prius and Ford trip out hybrid electric vehicles into its pharmaceutical sales exceed in an effort to help achieve the partnerships goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 10 percent oer the future(a) five years. 6 To improve mileage Au tomakers in the US need to meet Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards as required by law. At present, all new cars sold should be 27. 5mpg (8. 55 liters per 100km). 7To overcome the shortcomings of an electric car Electric cars have a short charge. They lacked the range (energy density of electric-vehicle batteries hovered nigh 70 to 100 watt-hours per kilogram, which automotive engineers called unacceptable) and the quick reload time the auto industry said it needed. An example is seen in the case where GM introduced the EV1 in 1996. It had a top speed of 183 MPH, faster than any other(a) production car out. It had a limiter that would non let it get above 85 MPH, because to drive the car at 183 MPH would deplete the batteries of their charge within 10 minutes.8 Energy Consumption Hybrid Electric Vehicles consume little energy than Internal-Combustion railway locomotive (ICE) vehicles. 9 Why Are Hybrid Electric Vehicles A Better Choice? An important aspect of hybrid e lectric vehicles is that they make use of littler engines. There are many advantages to this Big engines are heavier than littler ones so the car uses more energy anytime it accelerates or drives up a hill. The displacement of the cylinders is larger so apiece cylinder requires a greater brashness of fuel.Bigger engines usually have more cylinders, and each cylinder uses fuel every time the engine fires, even if the car isnt moving. These are the reasons in that location is a difference in the mileage of two cars of the same model with different engines. If both cars are drive along the freeway at the same speed, the one with the smaller engine uses less energy. Both engines have to output the same amount of power to drive the car, but the small engine uses less power to drive itself. In a hybrid car, the gasoline engine can be much smaller than the one in a conventional car and thus can be more efficient.The engine in the hybrid car is aright enough to move the car along on th e freeway, but when it needs to get the car moving in a hurry, or go up a steep hill, it needs help. That help comes from the electric motor and battery this system steps in to provide the necessary extra power. The gas engine on a conventional car is size for the peak power requirement (those few generation when you floor the accelerator pedal). In fact, most drivers use the peak power of their engines less than one percent of the time.The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, one that is sized closer to the average power requirement than to the peak power. Ways Hybrid Electric Vehicles Reduce Energy Consumption Besides a smaller, more efficient engine, todays hybrids use many other tricks to increase fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks will help any type of car get better mileage, and some only withstand to a hybrid. To squeeze every last mile out of a gallon of gasoline, a hybrid car can Recover energy and store it in the battery Whenever you step on the halt pedal in you r car, you are removing energy from the car. The faster a car is going, the more kinetic energy it has.The halt of a car remove this energy and dissipate it in the form of heat. A hybrid car can capture some of this energy and store it in the battery to use later. It does this by using regenerative braking. That is, instead of just using the brakes to stop the car, the electric motor that drives the hybrid can also slow the car. In this mode, the electric motor acts as a generator and charges the batteries while the car is slowing down. Sometimes shut off the engine A hybrid car does not need to rely on the gasoline engine all of the time because it has an alternate power source the electric motor and batteries.So the hybrid car can sometimes turn off the gasoline engine, for example when the vehicle is stopped at a red light. Figure 5. The frontal empyrean profile of a small and large car Use advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag When you are driving on the freeway, most of t he work your engine does goes into pushing the car through the air. This force is known as aerodynamic drag. This drag force can be reduced in a variety of ways. One sure way is to reduce the frontal area of the car (Figure 5). Think of how a big SUV has to push a much greater area through the air than a tiny sports car.Reducing disturbances nearly objects that stick out from the car or eliminating them entirely can also help to improve the aerodynamics. For example, covers over the wheel housings fluid the airflow and reduce drag. And sometimes, mirrors are replaced with small cameras. Use low-rolling resistance tires The tires on most cars are optimized to give a smooth ride, minimize noise, and provide good traction in a variety of weather conditions. But they are rarely optimized for efficiency. In fact, the tires cause a affect amount of drag while you are driving.Hybrid cars use special tires that are both stiffer and high-flown to a higher pressure than conventional tire s. The result is that they cause about half the drag of level(p) tires. Use light lean materials Reducing the overall weight of a car is one easy way to increase the mileage. A lighter vehicle uses less energy each time you accelerate or drive up a hill. Composite materials like carbon fiber or lightweight metals like aluminum and magnesium can be used to reduce weight. 10 Despite the advantages of hybrid vehicles, they are a middling choice whose future is far from assured.They are likely to be a victim of restrictive circumstance in the near term, pushed aside by improvements in gasoline emissions and by the Zero spark Vehicles (ZEV) mandate which states that a specified percentage of manufacturers sales consist of ZEVs. 11 In the longer term, they will be squeezed between improving batteries and emerging fuel cells. If only fuel cells and advanced batteries falter, hybrid vehicles would have large promise and could play a central role in creating a more sustainable theodolit e system.Nissan Motor Company CEO Carlos Ghosn announced that he is unsure whether hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) will go along competitive in the compact car market if the price of gasoline drops in the future. Speaking at a news conference in Tokyo, Ghosn admit that Nissan will unveil a new HEV in 2006 as planned, but only to meet alter emission regulations in California. Ghosn expressed doubt that U. S. benchmark crude prices would remain at current levels of $50 per barrel, which is fueling strong demand for HEVs.Reuters said Nissan instead plans to market its new fuel-efficient, gasoline-powered Tiida compact car to environmentally conscious drivers. 12 Disadvantages Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles By combining two propulsion systems and their associated energy storage units, they are inherently more complex than both sensitive battery-powered electric and pure internal-combustion vehicles.Comments 1 Daniel Sperling Future poke Electric Vehicles and sustainable Transportatio n, pg 101 2 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car1. htm 3 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car1. htm 4 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car2. htm 5 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car3. htm 6http//web1. infotrac. galegroup. com/itw/infomark/155/298/52759225w1/ twiddle=rc1_ITOF_0_A122672547&dyn=5 xrn_15_0_A122672547?sw_aep=swar94187, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Today, Sept 30, 2004 p0 , oblige A122672547 7.http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car4. htm 8 http//www. morphizm. com/observations/borah/borah_corner1. html 9 Daniel Sperling Future Drive Electric Vehicles and sustainable Transportation, pg 100 10 http//auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car8. htm 11 Daniel Sperling Future Drive Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Transportation, pg 2 12 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Today, Oct. 7, 2004, p0 Article A122947647.