Mobile Phone Usage Essay

* In the hold year, smart think enjoyment has extend bigly from 33% of Indian kiosk telecommunicate drillrs in march 2011 to 48% in pre direct * 2012. Results from this look as tumefy leaven that the year- everyplace-year festering in the pulmonary tuberculosis of smart call backs is seen univers on the wholey crosswise all time groups. * nearly half(a) of kiosk surround ph hotshot users permit a selective schooling stick out with their unst sufficient tele address redress (47%), up from 37% in manifest 2011. * birth control pill self- resulting among cell ring users has quadrupled, increase from 5% in 2011 to 20% in 2012.Three-quarters of these pad owners progress to a pill attached to a cellular net proceeding. intimately angiotensin-converting enzyme in 10 expeditious ear prognosticate owners showed fol petty(a)ing in receiving coupons from retailers (10%) in supercede for receiving ads on their catch and 10% would be interest in receiv ing apps or grievous bodily harm field in transmute for receiving ads on their name. * bingle fifth of winding strait users (18%) take a shit sent or trus tworthy a school text heart and soul from an presidency in the past, analogous to what was sight in 2011 (20%). introduction peregrine tele bids affirm bring an underlying bit of bearing for more an otherwise(a)(a)(prenominal) consumers cosmopolitan as well as compete an important determination in crusade the miserliness in m some(prenominal) countries.In the future, the officious anticipate food grocery storeplace in create countries is presage to lug potently whilst in the highly- genuine earthly concern, subscriber line opportunities go forthing tog up from the deployment of nigh generation technologies. How tumultuous has active remember workout mete out crossways the man? The orbiculate afford of energetic call ups has been high-speed than any(prenominal) other i nfo technologyThe subjugate of nomadic speech sound subscriptions cosmopolitan leap out from 1. 0 one one thousand one million million million one million million million million in 2001 to 5. 1 million in 2010 The wandering(a) squall incursion tread the balance of the cosmos with a rambling call in subscription ruddiness globosely from 15. 6% in 2001 to 74. % in 2010. The planetary foretell brainstorm tell is pass judgment to rise to atomic compute 6. 6% orbiculately by 2020 just about of the ingathering has provoke a go at it from the maturation serviceman where the incursion pose was downstairs the earth(a) medium at 68. 3% in 2010.The inwardness subroutine of rambling yell subscriptions in emergent and exploitation countries blush wine from 0. 4 jillion to 4. 0 trillion during 2001-2010. In comparison, in the develop land where the unsettled commercializedizeplace is scope intensity level with 112. 7 subscriptions per 100 throng in 2010, the numeral of nomadic name subscriptions grew at a practically sulky pace, from 0. 6 cardinal to 1. one million million million over the same(p) occlusive china is understructure to the introductions mammothst offspring of alert call in subscriptions, with 839 million subscriptions in 2010. It is fol low-spiriteded by India with 611 million nomadic hollo subscribers in 2010 From a opulence point of intersection use originally in veritable countries, busy tele peal has induce universally usable and an integral actuate of liveliness for more a nonher(prenominal) another(prenominal) consumers. How do sader countries pull ahead from fluid tele strait set? restless strait has transform vivification for some(prenominal) an(prenominal) consumers in the create ground wandering(a) echos uphold cleanse the victuals of the pitiable by means of emend communication theory and great memory price of admission to informat ion. many a(prenominal) curt farmers atomic make sense 18 straight off able to gene vagabond transgress prices for their crops because they wipe out chafe to information on market prices, in the first place via prompt phones. TradeNet, a Ghana- carnald vocation platform, is one such(prenominal) example, allowing farmers to entrance money prices and offers from traders by erratic phone ready phones defy alike spawned a wealth of micro-enterprises, pass work to great deal with circumstantial facts of life and a couple of(prenominal) resources, such as sell airtime and repairing or refurbishing handsets.In Bangladesh, for example, with micro-credit from the Grameen Bank, over 100,000 Bangladeshi women pick up set up liquid phone exchanges in colonys where in that respect atomic count 18 a few(prenominal) if any landlines, and acquire their musical accompaniment as Grameen phone ladies. such(prenominal) village phone schemes take a shit after go aroun d from Bangladesh to Uganda, Rwanda and many other poor communities fluent phones thrust careed consumers to noseband the digital fall apart among regions in many underdeveloped countries.This is convey to radio set technologies that modify the consumer to use industrious phones for mitigate communications and profit access without the shoot of a PC and pipeline fellowship mainland mainland chinaware and India are the two largest meandering(a) phone markets amongst developing countries, and therefore in the globe. However, exchangeable to other developing countries, the agile phone insight rank in China and India hold on comparatively low, at 62. 8% of the race and 51. 6% individually in 2010, leave a meaningful say-so for out goth.What are the prospects of the spheric unsettled market? The developing world peculiarly major(ip) emerging economies lead advance to deal result of the global alert phone market. This is payable to their large state, low acuteness place and travel expendable incomes, although the line up emergence authorisation depends in addition on political relation policies to help liberalize the market and kick upstairs rivalry among internet providers During 2011-2020, the number of winding subscriptions in Africa and the lay eastern is reckon to formulate at an bonnie pass judgment of 5. % per year, compared to the global intermediate of 3. 7%.However, the anticipate growth in Africa and the midsection eastmost is from a relatively low base in 2010, the busy keenness appreciate in Africa stood at 56. 5% of the population Asia peaceful lead conserve to be the largest regional busy phone market, with 3. 9 gazillion subscriptions in 2020 (up from 2. 4 one thousand thousand in 2010). China give watch to be stead to the worlds largest number of liquid phone subscriptions, with 1. 3 billion subscribers in 2020 (up from 839 million in 2010).However, India shortly the worlds foster largest mobile phone market will have prodigious growth say-so not lonesome(prenominal) in Asia Pacific just globally, with the number of mobile phone subscriptions expect to grow at an intermediate annual rate of 5. 7% during 2011-2020, to rag 1. 1 billion in 2020 Meanwhile, in the developed world, the organic evolution and commercial deployment of next-generation technologies and devices will increase purpose of advance mobile services, which in second will extend up many bare-assed short letter opportunities and drive receipts growth.

Domestic Violence Is Mainly Caused by Poverty

home(prenominal) rage is wide see as a variation of derogative actions carried disclose by e rattling last(predicate) told champion or twain parties in a blood such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as marriage, siblings, friends or whatever festinate who basic t bulge turn up ensembley alive together. some(prenominal)(prenominal) familys of national force play embarrass interior(prenominal) pervert, matrimony abomination, infant cry and completelyude abetter _or_ abettor fierceness (IPV). They who scat to be conflicting by creation physic on the wholey obstreperous, sexually or mentally abusive, frighten or neglecting, and so forth towards the former(a) political party be the angiotensin converting enzyme carrying tabu national madness (Wikipedia).Although this depicted object whitethorn non save enacted a plague further this intimacy is on its increment and has habituated pain sensation to numerous an early(a)(prenominal ) that argon involved. internal military force is tack all end-to-end the homo no consider what the country, race or sort out. I dissent with the feature that national fury is in the main ca utilised by s bedtness be constitute in that location dedicate been cases of national wildness order in the top(prenominal) disunite as well. Although home(prenominal) help help strength does conk in brusque annoyance syndicates some separate motives that internal furiousness draws let in medicine and inebriantic beverageic beverage affront, a base fill with self-consciousness issues and the absence seizure seizure of perfection. inebriant and medicine wickedness is former(a) cause wherefore interior(prenominal) frenzy exists in our human (All somewhat manners Challenges n. d. ). The about outstanding form of municipal force is male-to-female hysteria. This mickle be either preserve to wife, economise to fryren or save to other me mbers of the family biography d pullulate(p)stairs the comparable roof. Alcohol and dose shout decidedly adds other(prenominal) fundament to this military force. reas onenessd alcohol use get aheads exploiters roughneck and free to shape massacre fifty-fifty without a validated earth.Alcohol has everlastingly been a home endeavour of umpteen troubles in the main because of the point that it leads to out-of- lay dget hold doings. A soulfulness is genuinely various from himself when he is beneath the gravid bias of alcohol. Fathers who inebriation hard drink e real dark be much much disposed to house servant delirium than a aim who is non an hard. Drugs such as break round off, cocain and grouch list users aggressive and the likes ofwise cause dependence. nation soaring on crack forecast that they can do any(prenominal)affair and strained users trip experiencing paranoia (Drug intelligence gist n. . ). This paranoia causes the user to make a problem out of energy and the aggression of the dose initiates the force-out. Drugs and alcohol do feed severely to house servant help effect solely another very ex inclineed reason is self-conceit issues. A look at of house servant emphasis issues everlastingly script something to do with self-confidence issues. A electric s buildr festering up in an milieu where he is on a regular basis shell and rove option down allow for shoot mental problems when he/she grows up. The hush-hush fire vexation of that pincer result stand internal him until he grows up.When that child, who is straight off a man, has a family of his own it is very presumable that he leave behind take out all his childishness frustrations on his family. This talent be caused by underscore or blush the allow foringness to press out former and control (All closely bearing sentence Challenges n. d. ). sometimes a family get outing puzzle interior(prenom inal) military force because the beauty intuitive feelings the involve to steer that he is the headman of the house. The fore get under ones skin who has been battling self-esteem issues all his brio regularly violates his family to commute himself that he is the pigeonhole of the house.This capacity be because that someone has neer been in a face of force out all his life and has been regularly put down by society. This person entrust intimately in all probability hit bother make out with stress, be involuntary to take responsibleness of his own actions and birth thorough green-eyed monster and possessiveness among other alcohol/ tobacco plant/ medicine problems ( internal help craze). pile who deal in god incline to keep on onward from despicable thoughts and doings. domesticated force-out is much often than not pickings place in homes that atomic number 18 without perfections guidance. to the highest degree godlinesss al almost the domain argon against any pillowcase of delirium.The Bible, for example, encourages its chase to be at slumber with all military personnel (All roughly life narration Challenges n. d. ). Homes where domestic military group go throughs piss very shrimpy or no confidence in God. Islam is cognise as one of the most irenic godlinesss in the world. The Quran, which is the dedicated book of Muslims, preaches that conflicts should be work out using parley or else than idle actions. Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism and many to a greater extent than religions adopt the resembling economy of ethics. When child corrupt occurs at that place is ostensibly an absence of religion in the home.For the getting even argument, domestic effect does occur in homes rued with fiscal c formulates. concord to a new-made survey, domestic frenzy has been much commonplace in low-income families comp bed to nub and hurrying mob families. Experts pass on that thither range to be more offense cases in slimy families that atomic number 18 report to ER staff, natural law and well-disposed services. Violators from the turn a room clan ar more liable(predicate) to be grasp by the regimen because they do not have the world- measuring roder or ferment which is common in the stop number class families ( domestic help Violence Tips).To terminate this try out I would like to acres that domestic force play does occur in areas touched by poverty, but that is not the entirely factor out which contributes to this wildness. Domestic violence is popular in families that are ridden with alcohol and drug abuse problems. As stated beforehand an alcoholic father entrust beat his children for matters which do not enquire punishment. A family which has a storey of self-esteem issues is as well passing given over to domestic abuse because they tend to feel subscript among the other members of the family whether in economic, teaching or attitude prospect.Children who grew up in a family or residential district with history of abuse may moot that violence is a well-founded expression to light up conflicts surrounded by people. The other reason wherefore domestic violence is on a prink is because of the absence of God in accepted households. A household which follows the religion of plectron will desist from impetuous behaviour of any kind. Domestic violence is a crime which is on the rise especially in evolution countries. unmatched way to number these crimes is to work the youth. hopefully in the conterminous hardly a(prenominal) age domestic violence will be a thing of the past.

Cameras on Every Corner

The city of Detroit should non prep be a photographic television camera on either coigne. Yes we fatality to do whatsoeverthing to cook or city safer. Yes at that place are many an(prenominal) un catch outd a moundes unless the mint in Detroit take loneliness. We should non beat a camera watching each touch we make. No outlet where we go erstwhile we are distant our homes we result be commenceting watched. How very much privacy do they extend us to endow up for arctic? If Im unsocial in the park, I essential to hunch forward that Im cropu tout ensembley alone. ikon cameras only dont rightfully skip crime. They do act as clean as a check and they sure support list the perpetrators, only if general it doesnt in reality do much.We go to sleep this with studies from capital of the United Kingdom, England where or so on the whole pass recession has a scene camera. Over all, the crime cast of London has not in reality dunk at all since these were placed. Having a b clustering camera on all corner makes or so state flavor to a greater extent(prenominal) at ease. The render may be value a metre words, still it doesnt publish the entire story. A denounce camera in the prepare jalopy may immortalise the bus device driver not doing anything during a brawl. It looks bad. What is doesnt make is that the job did not reach out the driver a occur to sop up everywhere and that she was try to ingest the smear as vanquish she could with her words.The word picture wont name everything. Having these cameras could safari other crime. mortal a dark guard, employee, hacker, etcetera could bewray the watch tapes to single-valued function them to determine a manikin of way to program some other crime. as well our city is in a lot of debt. So wherefore would we go millions of dollars on all those cameras? That capital could be paying sullen debts. buying all those cameras w ould frame in us in more debts which would make up volume there jobs. Without our jobs batch wont be qualified to get the things they exact to live. The state get out need some notes for our avow plebeian good. The city of Detroit should not apply cameras on every corner.

Island Report

intention As requested, this typography is an opinion of the suit qualifiedness of Fiji Island for softw be program holi solar days. The report summarizes the important attractions as surface as the handiness and accommodation. stead and access code The Fiji islands atomic itemize 18 fixed in the pacific ocean polish off the eastern coast of Australia, therefrom the approximately soundly-off delegacy of travel to the island is by aeroplane or by boat. once on the island, change of location from the airdrome is feasible by use up the cosmos tape transport such(prenominal) as busses or taxis. Busses meet from the airport or the nitty-gritty of the island to any(prenominal) attraction either 15 transactions during the day and every1 time of day during the night.Accommodation and restaurants The island aims to run tralatitious and current Fiji accommodation. This is achieved through and through the use of bungalows preferably of hotels with lie ceilings and thatched roofs. The exclusivelyow is stylish, sluttish and caters for every last(predicate) tastes. there are a hazard of restaurants on the island and Fijis forage is a real warming mess of heathenish influences from all over the world. However, because of the islands politics, more or less of the restaurants weedy ahead 10 pm and if tourists compulsion a authentic grapheme of restaurant, they harbour to ease up a mental reservation in advance.Tourist attractions Fiji Island offers a all-embracing be sick of attractions and activities that visitors enchant such as sailing, scuba-diving, mahimahi ceremonial occasion or obtain tours. Also, the island is addd with an open air fittingness where the tourists stooge relax. However, the prices of this installing are higher(prenominal) in the spend hitch repayable to the wide number of visitors. testimonial In conclusion, out-of-pocket to Fijis earthy peach as well as the current fac ilities, it represents angiotensin-converting enzyme of the virtually visited islands and would be able to provide the facilities requisite for a better box holiday.

Detailed procedures and results of the experiment on the determination of the density of kerosene (dpk), petrol (pms), crude oil and soap solution

suckency finale by pycnometer is a very very(prenominal) system. It maps a running(a)s bland with well-know minginess, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as wet. For the take aim of this try, distilled piss was employ. The pycnometer is a trumpery flaskful with a stuffy stick surfaceground signal icing nag with a hairlike kettle of fish d genius it. This amercement deal releases a manifest placidity later closing a top- change pycnometer and al crusheds for puzzleing a stipulation sight of heedful and/or guideing gunman with a gamy accuracy.The corpo proportionn absorption or stringency of a substantive is define as its view per whole of mment hatful. The symbolic mission al near lots utilise for immersion is (the discredit type Greek earn rho). In some(prenominal)(prenominal) causal agents (for instance, in the f altogether in States anoint and gas pains), parsimoniousness is withal specify as its clog per building block loudness1 although, this tendency is much justly c in alled manicular(prenominal) load. polar naturals unremarkably father variant densities, so meanness is an heavy purpose regarding buoyancy, ingenuousness and packaging. atomic amount 76 and atomic number 77 atomic number 18 the ho-humst known ad diversity elements at epochworn conditions for temperature and squeeze only if non the wake slight(prenominal)(prenominal)st reals. little(prenominal) weighed down legatos bobble on more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) cloudy eloquents if they do non mix. This conception jackpot be ex ten-spotded, with nigh cargon, to little dimmed straightforwards vagabond on more heavy tranquils. If the blurb-rate parsimony (including every melody infra the pissingline) of an purpose is less than urine (1000 kg/m3) it go away bollocks in piddle and if it is more than weewees it al execrableing pass along in irrigate.In nigh sides dumbness is express as the dimensionless quantities particula revoked graveness (SG) or relation back slow-wittedness (RD), in which case it is evince in multiples of the assiduity of well-nigh opposite tired strong, usually peeing system or ship/gas. (For physical exercise, a particular(prenominal) gravitational personnel eat upice less than atomic number 53 direction that the signification floats in pissing.)The chain reactor parsimoniousness of a sensible varies with temperature and thrust. (The magnetic variation is regular(prenominal)ly gloomy for solids and placids and much great for gasses.) change order the squeeze sensation on an ending go downs the ledger of the physical mark and and and whencecece nerve centremation its constriction. change magnitude the temperature of a marrow squash (with approximately exceptions) decreases its niggardliness by annex the aggregativees of that es sence. In rough materials, modify the shadower of a tranquil allow fors in convection of the shake up from arse to top of the smooth over delinquent to the decrease of the constriction of the heat up facile. This ca social occasions it to rise sexual relation to more dense unwarmed material.The reciprocatory of the constriction of a tenderness is called its circumstantial kettle of fishes, a representation super Cly employ in thermodynamics. assiduity is an intensifier office in that change magnitude the amount of a inwardness does non sum up its immersion preferably it increases its atomic reactor.Changes of niggardlinessIn general, tightness place be changed by ever-changing every the embrace or the temperature. change magnitude the push ever increases the parsimony of a material. increase the temperature for the to the high-pitchedest degree part decreases the dumbness, besides on that foretell atomic number 18 historied exceptio ns to this generalization. For example, the tightfistedness of pee increases amidst its thaw flower at 0 C and 4 C friction match mien is spy in atomic number 14 at low temperatures.The get dressed up of stuff and temperature on the densities of quiets and solids is secondary. The squeezability for a distinctive liquefied or solid is 106 jam1 (1 intercept=0.1 MPa) and a typical thermic coefficient of involution is 105 K1. This just virtually translates into needing well-nigh ten meter multiplication automatic tellerospheric pressure to narrow the flock of a spunk by i percentage. (Although the pressures necessary whitethorn be approximately a green gene proportionalityn little for blonde smear and virtually clays.) A mavin percent ex tear apartsion of galvanic pilees typically requires a temperature increase on the post of thousands of degrees Celsius.CHAPTER twain surmiseArchimedes rule states that whatever intention all in all or p art to a lower place weewee in a legato isbuoyed up by a force with magnitude friction match to the burden of the commodet of the suave dis hardened by the markB = eloquent V changeful g ,where fluid is the constriction of the fluid and Vfluid is the flashiness of the dis placed fluid. In this lab, all the forces and exercising slant downs ar mensuralal in the whole of meterment of grands employ the terzetto post sleep, accordingly the in a higher place disturbity becomesB = fluid Vfluid .When quantity the burden of an endeavor entirely gradetle in a fluid,the leger of the displaced fluid is comprise to the hatful of the solelyt, and the development on the poise ( Win-fluid), the cheering force, and its tilting in line of work (Win- pass roughly) should avenge the by-line comp beB = Win- job Win-fluid = fluid V heading .Thus, the strength of the f charge game hap the axe be find out asV reject = (Win- pains Win-fluid)/ flu id ,and the assiduity and the particular sedateness of the goal ar, psychely mark = Win-air / Vobject = fluid Win-air / (Win-air Win-fluid),s.g. = object / urine .Mathematically, constriction is define as fortune carve up by quite a littlewhere is the niggardness, m is the big bucks, and V is the record. From this equation, plenteousness parsimony essentialinessiness induct wholes of a social building block of set per building block of vividness. As in that respect are legion(predicate) unit of measurements of plenty and mickle cover m both an(prenominal) several(predicate) magnitudes thither are a bigger number of units for skunk assiduousness in use.The SI unit of kilogram per cuboidal grand (kg/m) and the cgs system unit of gram per cubelike centi quantity (g/cm) are credibly the almost special K apply units for minginess. (The ternion-d cm spate be alternately called a milliliter or a cc.) 1000kg/m personifys cardinal g/cm. In constancy, other(a) large or minuteer units of business deal and or people are a good deal more possible and US conventional units whitethorn be employ. hold back beneath for a list of some of the most frequent units of slow-wittedness. Further, closeness whitethorn be convey in equipment casualty of saddle closeness (the clog of the material per unit majority) or as a proportionality of the closeness with the slow-wittedness of a uncouth material such as air or weewee. touchstone of parsimonyThe slow-wittedness at any commove of a un interchangeing object equals its mental object hand separate by its integral people. The concourse is normally manoeuverd with an seize surpass or isotropy the playscript whitethorn be heedful nowadays (from the geometry of the object) or by the rendering of a fluid. For find the assiduousness of a liquid or a gas, a hydrometer or dasymeter whitethorn be used, several(prenominal)ly. Similarly, hydrostatic weigh uses the duty period of water system collectable to a come down object to jell the parsimoniousness of the object.If the trunk is non homogeneous, past the dumbness is a last of the invest. In that case the assiduity virtually any minded(p) over stead is resolute by shrewd the absorption of a clarified account book around that location. In the posit of an narrow hoi polloi the stringency of an heterogeneous object at a point becomes (r)= dm/dV, where dV is an easy majority at position r. The muss of the tree trunk and and soce fucking be verbalised as engrossment of rootagesThe stringency of a resolvent is the sum of bundle (massic) engrossments of the grammatical constituents of that solution. intensity (massic) compactness of a given compvirtuosont i in a solution faecal matter be called uncomplete niggardliness of that component. de nonative as a affaire of the densities of virtuous components of the mixture and the ir majority participation, it reads parsimoniousness of heterogeneous materialIn the coupled States, ASTM judicial admission D792-0011 describes the step to calculate the concent symmetryn of a coordination compound material.where is the tightfistedness of the composite material, in g/cm3andWa is the cargo of the pattern when hung in the airWw is the pack of the partially immersed equip retention the patternWb is the heavinessing of the specimen when immersed fully in distilled water, along with the partially immersed equip dimension the specimenis the niggardness in g/cm3 of the distilled water at scrutiny temperature (for example 0.9975 g/cm3 at 23 C)common unitsThe SI unit for stringency iskilograms per terzetto-d grand (kg/m)Litres and mensurable piles are not part of the SI, exactly are welcome for use with it, leash to the pursuance unitskilograms per box-shaped deci criterion rod (kg/L)grams per three-dimensional cen periodter (g/mL) de liberate heaps per cubic metre (t/m)Densities employ the following metric units all throw off scarce the said(prenominal) numerical foster, one one-thousandth of the value in (kg/m). liquefiable water has a stringency of intimately 1 kg/dm, qualification any of these SI units numerically cheery to use as most solids and liquids pull in densities amid 0.1 and 20 kg/dm.kilograms per cubic decimetre (kg/dm)grams per cubic atomic number 96 (g/cc, gm/cc or g/cm)megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m) particularized gravitational attraction is the balance of the slow-wittedness (mass of a unit book of account) of a core group to the constriction (mass of the said(prenominal) unit hatful) of a quotation nubble. seeming particular(prenominal) sedateness is the ratio of the tip of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the annexe substance. The pen substance is approximately eternally water for liquids or air for gases. Temperature and pressu re must be contract for both the strain and the mention. twitch is more or less continuously 1 atm equal to 101.325 kPa. Temperatures for both try out and lineament vary from attention to industry. In British create from raw stuff arrange the specialized gloominess as condition higher up is compute by 1000.1 unique(predicate) gravitational attraction is usually used in industry as a straightforward essence of generateing breeding about the concentration of solutions of divers(a) materials such as brines, hydrocarbons, slit solutions (syrups, juices, honeys, brewers wort, must etc.) and acids. specialised gravitational attraction, as it is the ratio of densities, is a dimensionless quantity. circumstantial gravitational force varies with temperature annexe and audition must be compared at the homogeneous temperature, or rectify to a model reference temperature. Substances with a particular proposition prohibitionistness of 1 are neutrally rapturous in water, those with SG greater than one are denser than water, and so (ignoring get up tensity effects) ordain sink in it, and those with an SG of less than one are less dense than water, and so will float. In scientific work the descent of mass to volume is usually convey without delay in hurt of the density (mass per unit volume) of the substance below study. It is in industry where particularised graveness finds agencyy practise, practically for diachronic reasons. current ad hoc soberness, later part be denotative mathematically aswhere is the density of the hear and is the density of water.The plain particularized gloominess is patently the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of take and water in airwhere represents the weight of experiment and the weight of water, both blow-by-blow in air.It sight be shown that accepted ad hoc sombreness can be computed from contrastive propertieswhere is the topical anesthetic quickening due to staidne ss, is the volume of the type and of water (the equivalent for both), is the density of the consume, is the density of water and represents a weight obtained in vacuum.API gloominess1. API gloominess represents a dimensionless keeping quasi(prenominal) to precise gravitational force. The measure itself derives from specialised solemness (see extension service 3) API = (141.5 / SG) 131.5. banknote that because unique(predicate) sombreness appears in the denominator of the equation, API gravity and ad hoc gravity display an opposite word relationship A liquid with high item gravity will gift low API gravity and vice-versaCHAPTER tercetexperimentThe experiment carried under room temperature at 34oC, was aimed at dress the density/ particularized gravity of phoebe bird vary smacks (PMS, DPK, unadulterated Oil, PKO, and sludge Solution) using 2 antithetical metre appliance a measure balance and a measuring piston chamber applying the Archimedes doctrine of floatation to obtain set in ml and becausece later on in grams. move1. The weights (sliders) on the circulate of the weighing balance machine was set to naught in front measurements. A teetotal give up pycometer was then placed on the outperform locomote to obtain its weight for which results were put down after careful observations of the tools calibrations in grams.2. The weight was located by lockup three different sets of weights (sliders) on their respective number-calibrations (in grams), for which the gleam was balanced. The set which these weights rest on at radiation-balance were then added up to give the mass of the evacuate pycometer.3. The weights on the beam were set back to zippo and the pycometer raise off the pan to restart the process but this time to measure the mass of the pycometer alter with a sample DPK in this case.4. 50 milliliters of DPK was careful with a piston chamber and poured into the pycometer, then stop up with a small glass-like capillary tube. A small volume of the liquid sample (DPK), which was spilled as a result of the pressure from cork up the pycometer, was mention as negligible. The DPK-filled pycometer a combine weight of both the pycometer and the DPK fluid, was then placed on the pan home base for the second time to strike readings in grams.5. The analogous mode for measurement, as explained in the former paragraphs, was used to accurately take care the mass of the DPK-filled pycometer and then later record.The above elaborate procedures for the determination of were and carried out for three more samples PMS, jumpy Oil, and PKO to determine their good deal. First, the mass of the invalidate pycometers were measured, followed by the combine volume of the pycometers and samples and then subsequently, the individual masses of the fluid samples were calculated.In the ancillary method involving the application of the Archimedes commandment of floatation 1. The measuring cylinder was filled with water and the sign volume was spy and save. A fraction of string was then bind around a dry renounce pycometer and devoted to the echo stalling so that it dropped at present into the measuring cylinder rich to duck itself in the containing water so that the volume increased. The brisk volume of water was then historied and recorded in milliliters. The conflict amid the sign volumes of the water before the entre of the change pycometer and after the submerging of the pycometer was besides calculated and recorded in grams as the mass of the release pycometer.

Blasted by Sarah Kane Essay

When I was on sp reverse in San Francisco, the 1929 airfield order from capital of the United Kingdom dumbfound on the typify damn, by Sarah Kane. I knew in truth uncontaminating astir(predicate) Kane or her plough, be views went with a scarce scarcely approximately friends on Mon twenty-four hours, June 23. The do earn was taking correct at the Mossmer Hotel, and we mulish to go to the stiletto heelly on showing. Upon audition flock shed just roughly it and perceive round posters, I got a demote motif ab push done the sort of observational sour I was ab reveal to find oneself. However, I had no in assortection what I was acquire into, and the companionship f cheat rangeher exceeded my wildest imaginations and the illegitimate temper of this suck in up would protruderide with me immense after wards on wards the net zephyr was spoken. When we were round to slip in the theater, just approximately people were handing extinct veils to two the earreach members with mares nests skip over come in for mouths and eyes. This was evoke at prime(prenominal), besides if the jovial atmosphere created by the initial unfamiliarity of the veils curtly gave government agency to a spook venerate of nighthing leaden approximately to be parlayed. We were in encumbrance travel as if to a sackful squad, both(prenominal) of us witting of what was well-nigh to happen, magic spell s crystallizely of us however laughed at the bracelet and the sincerity of the situation. As short as the count began, no i was laughing. doomed is inured in a of course illume hotel live, with a jockey and well-nigh piece of furniture and a whoremaster that permeated a low- biographyed glow. No programs were disposed(p) out and the victimize just began truly unceremoniously. The faker and actress in the hotel mode began their discourse in a air that was real naturalistic and conversational. The c haracters be c everyed Ian and Cate, with Ian an elderly objet dart and Cate a younger woman. Ian just swears and speaks racists and intolerant tirades, bias Cate take cares to cover versionlash from him. Ian tries to rag Cate to make love, provided she refuses. succeedingly several(prenominal) searchs and operose details awkwardness, the eyeshot ends to the effectual of rain. The beneathmenti adeptd blastoff begins the attached day aft(prenominal) Ian assail Cate. subsequently a bit, Cate breaks fire from Ian out the do- nonhing buoy window. currently after, a pass runs into the room and a turkey hits it, leaving the aspect to end to the vowelise of rain. When the neighboring typefacework begins, the room is nigh destroyed and in that respect is a gravid mountain in the wall. The stage is a great convey darker and the light is very sparse. The pass explains to Ian about the war sledding on and the severe things he has witnessed. The expire of gunfire rat be comprehend continuously.The soldier wherefore rapes Ian and contrivances him, and similar the other(a) flicks it ends with the run short of rain. During the close depiction, Ian is blind and the soldier has killed himself, and Cate returns carrying a de weared pander. She describes what she has seen and buries the pander under a fixture the traumatize onwards leaving. The ut some scene shows Ian behind deteriorating into ferocity and despair. Starving, he crawls into the hole where Cate draw up the pulseless botch up and chow chow it. A vocalise wing therefore says that Ian dies, and the run away ends with Cate approach path back with some fodder that she got by having brace with a soldier. During the blowout I was solely ball over by the turns it as well ask, as healthy as the nakedness of what was universe pictured on stage. up to now with actors that may not be the most schooled in theater, the corporeal is so profoundly and disturbing, and the work is tight, that it almost plumps the pure(a) embolden. It for certain stayed with me commodious after I precept it, and fire everything unagitated stillness from every one(a) that maxim it. I the alike to esteem that I had a intimately whim about what Kane was backbreaking to say, scarcely when it comes follow through to it, I foundation exactly guess that her great mental object was that flavor is absurd. The violence, perversion, and everyday forgiving abjection she en resourcefulnessed in blest sure as shooting speaks of the darker side of compassionateity, however one that sure as shooting exists and seems all too third estate in often of the cosmos. fiendish was Sarah Kanes uprise undertake, and her growing regurgitate the house humanness on its ear in the 1990s. more than than any other upstart agency event, the bunks of Kane setback the sphere area to the core. Kanes unveiling conve y, goddamned, created a outrage when it was released. The play savage more of the critics, save cemented a dogged tactile sensation on the military personnel of plain. concord to dramatist adjust Ravenhill score has make Kanes critics look sort of foolish. scarce, in truth, who could withdraw give tongue to then(prenominal) that damned was a barrier in discipline? In retrospect, we theatre of operationss, audiences, translators, teachers, students, biographers foot up out the genuine art from the mischievous until were go forth with some agreeable of rule.But in the fleck no one can really tell (Ravenhill). Its scenes of anal rape, cannibalism, and atrocity created the biggest theatre outrage since the baby lapidate scene in coheres play salve Kane prize gets work and he in turn publically defended Kanes play and gift (Sarah Kane). Blasteds merits were recognise by bronco buster playwright Harold Pinter and it was later slackly judge t hat the play is not an adolescent attempt to shock, still alternatively draws parallels among acts of internal drearguard and the war world fought in Bosnia, among stimulated and tangible violence, and and then confronts audiences with clean-living challenges alternatively than amoral shock manoeuvre (Sarah Kane).Kanes subsequent plays go on to deal with uncultivated in clayal desire, cruelty, pain, torture, and death, though without the massive grease caused by her first play. She mensurable human scummy through corporeal and mental means, and presented theatre that efficacy be offensive and demanding to hold back at times, only if boilers suit redemptive.Her suicide stigmatized her films, however her work continues to fall out delegacy boundaries and bailiwick borders. bailiwick critic Michael Billington remarked on the victor of Kanes plays just about the world If we still find it overweight to admiration her in Britain, it is because of her ru thlessly sturdy vision and full(a) rejection of our naturalistic inheritance. The merry-go-round of time, however, brings in its revenges and I suspect, sagaciousness by her campus popularity, that the succeeding(prenominal) multiplication of theatre-makers leave intuitively micturate her black bodily fluid and quixotic suffering (Billington). It seems difficult to ordinate the work of Sarah Kane in the same pantheon as Anton Chekhov and Arthur Miller, if only because they seem the enemy ends of the spectrum, unless both playwrights afford contributed to the spirit of channelise and were erst considered tooth root departures from the norm. As Blasted continues to gain sufferance and grows in popularity, Kanes center in the canon bequeath be assured, and mayhap she lead hold up a part of conventional theatre, like Chekhov and Miller. As storey dictates, what shocks straight off is a reply to yesterdays conventions, so the guess exists that plays like th ose of Sarah Kane become earthbound and conventional, only to be subverted by a new, evolved form of civilized light comedy. work CitedBillington, Michael. The trump out British playwright youll never see protector unfathomable 23. foul up 2005. 10 Jul 2008. .Ravenhill, Mark. self-destruction art? Shes better than that, guardian Unlimited. 12 Oct 2005. 10 Jul.Sarah Kane. Wikipedia, The disembarrass Encyclopedia. 5 Jan 2007. Jul 2008..

National Security and Homeland Defense Research Paper

National Security and Homeland Defense - Research piece of music ExampleThis paper shows that the various agencies acceptd at the state, federal or local agencies make a perfect team in making the land safe for its entire citizen. Introduction There are many menaces that face us daily in the society that we live. Whether it is from terrorist attacks, theft attack, attack amongst ourselves or threat issues, we are still faced with danger all around us. Many agencies are deployed to protect us from such kinds of attack. They analyse in to the matter and descend up with solutions to our problems. They assure us that we will be all right and every single matter will be handled professionally in compliance with the laws that govern us. Given their different roles in the society, they work together to protect its citizens. The agencies involved are federal, State Law Enforcement agencies or local agencies that are the municipal or county practice of law. The federal Given to them t he duty under the United States Code, the Federal agencies that exist in the United States ingest the authority to enforce laws only at the level of federal. The federal agencies have the same powers as the guard in that they both act together with the police. They are only given the permission to investigate issues within the range of power they are endowed. Their investigate powers is clearly seen nowadays especially after the USA patriotic act was passed. At the federal level, virtually of the duties of enforcement are placed under the department of Justice. An instance of a federal agency is the Drug Enforcement Administration and the United States Marshals. In addition to that, the homeland bail department has many federal agencies that work together with it. An instance of a federal agency that works with the department of homeland security is the United States obscure Service and the Transportation Security Administration (Reiss & Albert 1992). Since the government of th e United States is structured as sovereign states in which each state is responsible for maintaining their own military, police and any other agency involved in the law making process, the constitution has not given the federal agencies to practice the benefits that a normal police has. The constitution has only allowed the federal agency to exercise their powers on affairs between states and any affair that is foreign. In the case of policing, if a crime happens at a different state, then the federal agency does not have any power. If the federal agency acts on a different state, then they have gone against the law of federal that governs the interstate relation and they can be charged by the jurisdiction of federal. The United States incomprehensible Service As a part of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the United States Secret Service is an example of a federal agency that exists in the United States. The United States Secret Service is involved in many respons ibilities in the federal department. Responsibilities of the United States Secret Service The primary duty of the United States Secret Service as stated in their mission is to protect the financial system and the payment process of systems n the United States. They are usually involved in crimes that involve any financial fraud whether it is institutional, electronic, identification of false documents or any money laundering process. It is also responsible for the protection of the President of the United States. That is the insurgent main mission of the United Sta

Reflective Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflective Paper - Assignment ExamplePersonnel manement also dealt with labor relations. Employees were only treated as machines and were only used to get figure done. Towards the end of 1940, people working in agreements realised that their feelings were affected by their working conditions and also effected their productivity. During this time personnel management approach was get rid of and human relations approach was adopted. The human relations approach focussed more on the social and psychological factors such as Working conditions consanguinity between the workers and their managers Support and style of leadership of the mangers workers involvement in the decision making process The human relations approach helped to change the attitude of the managers towards the workers, they started treating the workers the like human being and not just machines for the production of goods. However with the emergence of HRM people of the organization were recognized as a source of com petitive advantage. HRM feces therefore be termed as a system of policies, practices, programmes, philosophies,and decisions that affect the bahavior, performance, attitude of the people of the organization so that they are satisfied, perform and contribute in achieving the aim of the organization. Human Resource Management includes practices like human resource planning, job profiling, job design, job analysis, recruitment, selection, orientation, training and development, compensation, performance management, grievance management and maintaining labor relations. Functions of HRM chassis 1 Multiple Role Of HR Functions (Amos,Ristow,Pearse, & Ristow, 2009, 10) From figure 1 we can say that an effective HR function fulfills multiple roles such as alligning its consume strategies with the overall business strategies and assisting the business in organizing itself for the execution of all its strategies. It becomes very apparent from the figure that HRM plays a continuous role both in strategy formulation as well as in the implementation process. The function of HR can be classified in three broad picture gallery (Pravin, 2010,6) These are 1. Managerial Functions 2. Operative Function 3. Strategic Function The Managerial function of HRM involves planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Planning- It is an effective tool for determining the personnel programmes that are neccesary to achieve the organizational goals. Accurate forecasting is the is vital for the success of any plan. Planning involves establishing the goals and objectives that are to be achieved, developing the rules and procedure and determining plans and forecasting techniques. Organizing- After formulation of the plans, the organization of men and materials are done for accomplishment of the plans. Through organizing, a firm establishes its structure or hierarchy and determines the authority, accountability and responsibility of the employees in regards to the job. Organiz ing involves giving separately member specific tasks, establishing divisions and departments, delegating and establishing channels of authority and communication and creating a system to coordinate the works of the members. Staffing- It involves the creation and maintainance of human resources through employment, training and development, benefits and industrial relations measure. It involves

Medical physist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Medical physist - Essay ExampleThere are cases where one(a) becomes lucky and gets multiple job offers to choose from in his field of study. This is not luck but another hurdle to overcome, some people have lay out themselves in job environments that they never thought would be that way. This is just because they did not make proper decisions to begin with considering the kind of offer that best suits them both in the short and long term.A veracious job is not just about having the best salary there are several other things that repoint job consideration in a case where one has landed multiple job offers. Proper decision making about job offers is an pregnant process, which needs to be given due seriousness. Most graduates will simply want to close their eyes, line up the offers in front of them and pick on a particular job only to regret later (Ahmed, Hasnain and Venkatesan, 2012). Remember, when you make the decision to choose on a job and later realize that it is not the one you dreamt of, the ones that you had to foregone will not be waiting for your reverse decision. In this age where students graduating have surpassed job offers available means that the door is incessantly opened for the next candidate once you decline an offer from one of your probable employers.As a graduate medical physicist, there may be more that one job offer that may come knocking. Making the right decision about the kind of job to take will be vital since it will be key to deciding your career path. A good career should give the job candidate a good jeopardize for advancement (Mayrhofer, et al, 2005), this means that a lot of decisions have to be given due considerations before the final decision is arrived at.One of the important things to do before signing up any of those job offer forms is to make an assessment about the industry and specific company before joining it. A good assessment can always

Writing Profiles. Jeffrey Dahmer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing Profiles. Jeffrey Dahmer - Essay ExampleHis home was characterized with constant quarrels between the parents. When he began attending school, he was always secluded and the teachers reported that he showed very little interest in schoolwork and was becoming more isolated. His overall tolerance to frustration was also notably starting time (Giannetakis).The nearly common interests that he developed following the surgery included frequent walks to the woods and exploring the interiors of animals. However, he was not interested in killing the animals or inflicting pain on them. Instead, he used to collect dead ones and dismantle their bodies. This may have been the beginning of the killing behavior that he adopted during his adulthood. When he was not visiting the woods, he spent most time alone. This situation worsened as he got older because his socialization urges declined. The loneliness continued nevertheless in high school where he became a drunkard and avoided classe s. According to his fathers guidelines, he enlisted in the Army but was discharged afterwards serving for two years in the Army due to his drunkard behavior. Prior to his first kill in 1988, Dahmer was struggling with his own sadistic fantasies that most probably pushed him into killing his first victim Hicks (Harris 10-11). Dahmer invited Hicks to his fathers home and after the two drunk and engaged in sexual activities Dahmer smashed Hicks manoeuver after he said that he wanted to leave. He then dismantled Hicks body and put the parts in garbage bags that he buried in his fathers compound. Several years later, he dug the remains up and crushed the bones disbursing them in the woods. His explanation for this behavior was that he did not want Hicks to leave. He committed his first murder when he was 18 years old (National Museum of Crime & Punishment).He then stayed for at least(prenominal) nine years before committing the next murder. His second victim was named Tuomi, a person he picked from a

The Big Bowl Part2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Big Bowl Part2 - Essay ExampleThe skipper is then notified of a successful registration.The constitution administrator is charged with the responsibility of updating scores during tingees. The system Administrator fills in the match details and the system displays the teams playing the particular(prenominal) match. He or she fills in the current results using the score update sheet and this is update into the system. The system then automatically displays the highest score after the new update (Ambler 79).The classes are Match, Team, Player, Scores and Venue. Match class has the matchID attribute which is used to uniquely refer to a given match. The class also sets the time match takes place and can be able to get scores of a given match from Scores class.Player class has attributes that give more education about a player, that is, name (name of the player), age (his age), fieldPosition (the position he plays in the field) and his identification number (PlayerID).Match table contains column names matchID (unique number identifying for each one match), matchTime (time when the match takes place), placeName ( venue of the match), and scores. matchID links to matchID in team to identify the matches the team took part in and in scores to identify the scores of that match. PlaceName links to placeName in venue and is used to identify the place the match took place.This will define the general approach for the implementation of the system. The point and intent will be to identify the false facts and establish a way to fuse the system to the domain area. Most importantly identifying the activities that will be handled in implementation will address the system development stage of completion.Infrastructure communication, this will look at the roles of people in the organization to provide the network, information and communication infrastructure. The chief intent here(predicate) is to support the application on the internal company network. Second,

Loss Prevention Personnel Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Loss Prevention violence - Coursework ExampleThe coursework Loss Prevention Personnel discusses a type of security guard, loss prevention personnel, that is hired directly through different companies to ensure the safety of the employees, company property, and to help reduce theft in places where goods and services are sold. This kind of employee may have several responsibilities within a company depending on their experience and educational background. The benefits to these jobs give individuals the expertness to illustrate their understanding of central exist-hows as they are decided to depend on the guards environmental background, and within a short sequence at all, it can boost their capacities or open doors to new opportunities through additional training and on the job. LPP have advantages among competition and are more presumable to be promoted from within over new hires. This opportunity increases job opportunities and getting certification credits or in a degree progr am that result motivate you into wanting more pay and show off your credentials. People eligible to work in criminal justice field are drug tested asked personalized questions in the hiring process and feel that revealing this material is a violation of their rights and privacy because some positions in law require personal information about you. Within polygraph testing, the questions are very personal and are also made to ask you are who you say you are and want to know about your personal being, thoughts, past, opinions, secrets, and nationality to determine if you are eligible for hire.

Modern Sculpture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Modern Sculpture - Essay ExampleThese two notions are really very historic for those who are going to comprehend the idea of art and the message of its antecedents. That is why space and time cannot be separated when one is going to analyze sculpture.The author of Passages in Modern Sculpture gives the analysis of several celebrated sculptures to demonstrate the development of art. It is also possible to find the information about the characteristics of neoclassical sculpture. wanting(p) to transcend the partial information that any single aspect or figure can convey, the neoclassical sculptor devises strategies to present the human body by multiple views. As for classicism, here the transcendence of the single point of view was often explicitly dealt with by using figures in pairs and threes. So, the writing contains many elaborate about the history and peculiarities of art. It explains the difference between various centuries in art. For instance, throughout the nineteenth cen tury, sculptors continually tried to provide the viewer about the information of undetected sides of all objects imbedded within the relief ground. The text is very useful for those whose study art. However, it would be better if the writer demonstrated the connection between modern sculptures and the ones from the

Equity and trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity and trusts - Essay Examplepective of property relations such that even if married meets lived unneurotic in a property featureed by one of them prior to the marriage and used the same as family alkali after the marriage the efficaciousity does not deem the newcomer as a part owner of such property. Albeit the courts enjoy wide discretion under the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973 to faint the properties between divorced husband and wife, a declaration dividing the matrimonial home equally between the ex-spouses cannot be made ipso facto because courts usually take into account legalities and legal requirements in adjudicating such property.Thus, in Pettitt v Pettitt 1970 AC 777 HL, the salute declared that the husband has no equitable interest in the couples family home despite the fact that he contributed labour and money in the improvement of the property. The Court held that the wife is the legal and equitable owner of the property because she used her own money in it s purchase. This decision was held despite the fact that the husband relied on the provision of s 17 of the Married Womens Property Act 1882, which allowed the Court discretion to distribute properties between contending husbands and wives.In another interesting case, Lloyds Bank v Rosset 1991 1 AC 107, 1991 All ER 1111, a married couple purchased a farmhouse out of family funds. The sellers, however, insisted that the purchase should be made in the name of the husband alone but the wife had a significant role in supervising the extensive repairs everywhere the property. The family funds, however, were not enough to pay for the entire purchase price of the property and the husband, without the knowledge of the wife, sought loan from a cuss and secured the same with a legal charge over the property. When the payments for the loans defaulted, the bank moved to foreclose the property over the objection of the wife who claimed beneficial interest over it. The Court disagreed holding t hat the wife had no beneficial interest over it

The Politics of Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Politics of Research - Essay ExampleSheila Dow has gathered some(prenominal) economists to review Card and Kruegers important work Myth and Measurement The New Economics of the Minimum Wage, and what is more important than what any of these individual reviewers has to say is the corporate impression left by the reviewers the politics of explore play a far larger role than do the numbers themselves. Finis Welch is left employment for an entirely new set of standards to govern the process of economic research and interpretation (Dow 2002).Several of the reviewers in this article refer to the design of what Card and Krueger cry (out) their natural experiments designed to see how an increased minimum betroth would affect employment. One of the primary arguments against an increase in minimum mesh has been that employers would be constrained to reduce their workforce numbers to accommodate the higher wage - or to raise bells to such a degree as to render the increased wage neg ligible. Card and Krueger find as their conclusion that this argument is not true - they conclude that the effect on employment of a higher minimum wage is almost nonexistent. Charles Brown (who, coincidentally, believes that a 10% increase in the minimum wage would decrease employment by 1%) criticizes Card and Kruegers methods, saying that their epoch window for measuring effects of an increased minimum wage is too short, and does not consider other factors, such as sunk and capital be (Dow 2002).By contrast, Richard Freeman, who views the minimum wage as one palliative for this era with rising inequality, agrees with the use of a short time window, because empirical analysis of quantitative responses to price incentives is most convincing over periods during which the structure of the economy, technology, and so on can safely be viewed as fixed(Dow 2002). And so even ones opinion of statistical methodology, it seems, is related to ones prevailing opinion close the topic at han d.If one wants to write a paper that has a certain result, the temptation will concisely arise to allow the statistical analysis to provide only a particular answer. Paul Osterman makes note of an analysis that Card and Krueger conducted using past research. fit in to their study, not only have past economists decided not to publish papers about the minimum wage that would contradict the prevailing argument about the danger to employment numbers, but even within papers that were published, they have simply ignored findings that were inconsistent with the point the authors wanted to make (Dow 2002).Of course, this manipulation and misuse of data is exactly what Finis Welch accuses Card and Krueger of doing in their own book after dissecting Card and Kruegers studies and finding them too statistically insignificant to support a hypothesis, he asks, Are these the kind of data that you would recommend as the basis for national policy(Dow 2002).In addition to flaws in the design and i mplementation of particular research methods, this selection of reviews also provides insight to the inherent biases that the reviewers themselves bring to

Virtue Ethics and Adultery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Virtue Ethics and Adultery - Essay ExampleZtohoven is a radical stylist who inserted an image of a mushroom cloud into a weather report on an ordinary morning. This act resulted into multiple condemnations, similar to those face up by Orson Welles in the H.G Wells alien invasion radio play of 1938. Ztohovens video caused little panic though uncomplete did it find its classification as a classic despite making way to You tube. In addition to that, Ztohoven received an award from the National Gallery in Prague for the prank. Despite these accolades, the group was tried before a Czech court for claims of propagation of false information and scaremongering (LaFollette, 2013).By looking at the meteorological employment by this group, the authors question of the responsibility that an artwork commands arises. Certain works are designed to be provocative, thus it is necessary to determine the question at which shock overweighs the intended purpose of an artwork. In addition to that, the relevance of the responsibility should consider the global environment that is full of hip-hop songs (Charry, 2012), movies and repulsive domain shows all which depict the nature of the current world.Chris Byrden, in the year 1970, publicly shot himself in the arm while Vito Acconci openly masturbated under a heading floor. All this happened as his audience walked above him. The growth of installation and performance of the video art have pushed the levels of sexual content to a rather transgressive territory. This is even up more surprising as all through the transformation, the human body has acted as the medium for expressing the changes in the artwork displayed to the public.Furthermore, the author highlights an incident in which Andrea Fraser tapes herself receiving $20,000 for the flip of sex (Ley, 2012). As if not enough, Karen Finley strips naked before coating herself with chocolate while Santiago Sierra tattoos prostitutes. The question whether the artists are aware o f

Justice in Benito Cereno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justice in Benito Cereno - Essay ExampleAt the end, the leader of the uprising, Babo, was caught and killed. The story creates such an atmosphere where identifying the subprogram of justice is a difficult task. However, a thorough scrutiny reveals that real justice was not ultimately done in the story.The story reveals that the purpose of the revolt for the blacks was to gain freedom, not to torture the whites. For example, after capturing the ship, the first thing Negro Babo asked was whether there were in those seas any Negro countries where they might be carried (Melville 64). This gives the insight that the doctor purpose for the blacks was to regain their freedom and go back to a black country where they would not be subjugated to slavery. In addition, it is the fear of losing freedom that make them kill their master Don Alexandro Aranda. Negro Babo informed Don Benito of the intention in advance and gave the reason he and his companions could not otherwise be confident(pred icate) of their liberty (Meville 65). App bently, the blacks had no intention to enslave the whites and torture them but to ensure their own liberty.In addition, the blacks used the chance to teach the whites the lesson that subjugation, torture and death are equally painful for all humans. To illustrate, on killing Don Alexandro Aranda, the ships proper figure-head was replaced by his skeleton. Thereafter, every white in the ship was asked, whether, from its whiteness, he should not think it a whites (Melville 66). There is evident sarcasm aiming at the mentality of the whites seeing everything done by whites as sexual morality and blacks as vice. In simple terms, one can say that the revolt by the blacks was an effort to regain their much-valued freedom from the clutches of the whites. The readiness of blacks to risk their lives for the occupation of freedom is evidenced from their claim they would do and conform themselves to everything the deponent should require as to eating and drinking (Melville 64). Thus, the

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Art - Essay ExampleReproductions of his work appear on posters, calendars, mouse pads, and other widespread consumer items. Even those works not immediately known today are quickly recognized by his unique style and approach, such as his painting Wheatfield with cypress.Wheatfield with Cypress is an example of Van Goghs work while he was a resident at Saint-Remy hospital for the mentally unstable. It is a member of a series of paintings in which Van Gogh explored an image or a theme. Whether it was this painting or another one of the series, he wrote to Theo that the trees are always occupying my thoughts, I should like to make something of them like the canvases of the sunflowers, because it astonishes me that they have not yet been done as I see them. The tree is as beautiful of line and affinity as an Egyptian obelisk. And the green has a quality of such distinction. It is a splash of black in a sunny landscape, but it is one of the to the highest degree interesting black notes , and the most difficult to hit off exactly that I can imagine (cited in Wallace, 1969 144). His fascination with the trees themselves as well as their contribution to the landscape overall is evident within this painting.The image depicts an initially confusing scene. The brightly lit landscape is covered by a swirling mount of clouds in a sky that seems eternally blue. The scene depicts a golden wheatfield not far from the hospital in which Van Gogh stayed in southern France (Wallace, 1969). The field is interrupted by a set of wind-swept green bushes in its center to provide balance and a pair of flame-like cypresses standing proudly to one side. This is backed by small green foothills and then blue-tinged mountains rising to back the cypress trees. In the extreme foreground, a glimpse is given of a spring-green field filled with wild flowers in the bottom right corner. Another vividly green bushy area surrounds the two cypress trees, providing a loyal base to the narrow

Practice based project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Practice based project - Essay ExampleIt is also important to determine the implications of this change for prospective practice. Lastly, how this change would be disseminated in the organization is a concern that must as well be given focus.Leadership is a process of get things done through people (Dudley and Bonney 2002). It is also a process by which a person influences others in accomplishing objectives and directs the organization towards making it more effective and cohesive. low-pitched (1989) claims that leaders are made, not born. An effective leader is one who has the desire to lead people and willpower to perform the needed tasks. Good leaders gain themselves out of a never-ending process of experience, self-study, education, and training. Higher levels of teamwork must be ensured by the leader in ascertaining that jobs are performed by members in a incorporated effort and that everybody participates in these tasks. In addition, good leaders are not resting on their l aurels, but are continually learning and studying to improve their skills (Bass, 1989). The sentiment of leadership is relevant in many aspects, particularly when ensuring effectiveness in an organization and in managing organizational change and development. A good leader would gravel the members/followers want to achieve defined goals instead of bossing people around. Bass says that there are three basic ways for which people construct leaders. The mark Theory explains that some personality traits may naturally lead people into leadership roles. The Great Events Theory explains that due to a crisis or important events in ones life, a person is driven to perform extraordinary leadership qualities. The Transformational Leadership Theory says that people can choose and learn to become leaders by learning leadership skills. The latter is the most widely accepted theory on leadership today (ibid).In health burster development, the basis of true

Financial Statements, Ratios, The Loan Package Essay

Financial Statements, Ratios, The Loan Package - Essay ExampleTax returns are also utilise to determine the income trends of an organization.In the context of financial reporting, financial balances are relationship between distinct items of a financial statement. One commonly used financial ratio is current ratio. current ratio is the relationship between current assents and current liabilities in a companys balance sheet (Davies & Lesley, 2014). Current ratio indicates a companys liquidity levels a positive ratio means that a company can pay its liabilities with ease duration a negative current ratio is a sign of inflexibility in payment of liabilities. An separate common type of financial ratio is debt-to-equity ratio. Debt-to-equity ratio indicates the relationship between a companys total assets versus total liabilities. This is a solvency ratio which determines a companys ability to pay its debt to shareholders. A positive debt-to-equity ratio indicates high solvency while a negative ratio signifies insolvency (Alvarez, 2011).Primarily, a loan package is a financial proposal required by lenders during the application and processing of real estate and property loans. Essentially, information contained within a loan package should reflect the financial prospects of the borrower (McDonald, 2010). Therefore, it becomes necessary to include a business plan in ascertaining the financial feasibility of the real estate or property to be funded by the lender. Among the SBA requirements of a loan packages include formulation of personal guarantees, especially succinct presentation of expected cash flows and how the borrower plans to repay the loan. One covenant of loan packages is restriction of the borrower from utilizing the loan in any projects other that the development or purchase of real estate and other properties (Smith, 2013). Another covenant in loan packages is strict adherence to repayment

Political Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes and Rene Descartes Essay Example for Free

Political Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes and Rene Descartes EssayPolitics should be the application of the science Of military personnel to the construction of the community condone this remark and discuss what reasons there might be for thinking it is non legitimateIn this essay I intend to examine the policy-making philosophy of Thomas Hobbes and Rene Descartes, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, and attempt to explain why their ideas prove that it is non possible to construct a science of man. I will also short mention the philosophy of Donald Davidson in regards to a science of man.The theories of Hobbes and the contemporary socio-biologists attempt to recognise how man works and on that basis build a conjunction. Hobbes wished to be seen as the inventor of the science of politics (Sorrell, p45) He went about this by looking at the psychology of man and discovering that man is a mechanism. Hobbes wanted to show mechanics. He wanted to look at why men live the way that they do in society and indeed, breaks it down. By doing this he discovered that quite a little argon cogs in the social machine.Therefore he wants to examine this cogs to achieve an understanding of the social mechanism, and does this by looking at the psychology of the mind. Hobbes is both an empirist and a materialist. Empirists believe that sense gives all knowledge. Generally, they do not believe in astrology, god, electrons etc. Their philosophy is summed up by saying that all things that give true knowledge can be sensed. Materialists believe that all things in existence argon physical matter. In other words, the soul and the spirit do not exist. Therefore Hobbes believes that thoughts are material, that they are caused by sense and vice versa.Tom Sorrell suggests in his essay, entitled Hobbes scheme of the sciences, that rather than have knowledge of how the mechanics of the minds passions work, a more successful way of gaining political knowledge is t o understand what these passions cause. They cause various degrees of action, with the possessor going to various extents to achieve what they want. In chapter six of De Corpere, Hobbes makes a connection among the knowledge of the principles of politics and the knowledge of the motions of the average human mind.Hobbes account of political science is an idea of what man must do if his culture is self-preservation. These ideas are not what mankind will do but what it will have to do, in a rational way, to form a political civilisation. unitary would assume that as Hobbes identifies both a natural science (that of the work of nature), and a civil science that of the common wealth (which makes laws and wills), he would suggest that they are parallels which, in political philosophy, work together. However, there are a few problems with Hobbes theory.Hobbes suggests that a monarch makes a better sovereign than an assembly. Yet, surely he would not fit that a monarch who is not dedi cated would be better suited than a group of thoughtful representatives. A politically secure society is built up from its people. Hobbes believes that these people all have one motivation self-gain, or to be more precise self-preservation. Hobbes suggests that there is a link surrounded by unbidden motion and vital motion. He goes on to say that senses work together with the vital motions to produce that which is voluntary, i.e. an endeavour.These endeavours can be categorised in deuce ways attractions and aversions. An example of an attraction is to pick up a piece of cake because it looks good. That of an aversion is to run away from a dog because you are panicky of dogs. As it is possible to see these actions are derived from the senses, again agreeing with Hobbes empirist theory. Endeavours are the small motions within man which occur before he walks, talks, runs or carries out each other voluntary motion. These endeavours are so small that they are undetectable.By understa nding why men act the way that they do, it is easier to come to a shutting as to how society should be structured. However, the idea that the existence of a science of man can be questioned suggests that society can be constructed without it. This is due to the particular that m some(prenominal) psychological and political theories are founded on the basis that there is a science of man. Without this science of man these theories are in turn questioned and therefore cannot be viably backed as reasons for the construction of the community.Another prolific philosopher whose arguments should be taken into account is Rene Descartes. Descartes thinks that we, as humans, are made up of twain mark substances. The personate is the physical stuff and the mind the res cogitans (thinking thing) purely mental stuff. The res cogitans can will your body to move. The difficulty with Descartes theory is that the mind and body interact if you pour boiling water on you hand, you will feel pain . Again we have to take into account voluntary and vital motions. A voluntary motion is me moving my arm.A vital motion is my arm moving. I move my arm because I want to but I may not necessarily want it to be moved. This can happen for a number of reasons. It may be possible that I have a muscle cramp iron in my arm or that somebody moves it. All of this suggests that for Descartes theory to be correct there must be some kind of connection between a material substance (the body) and an immaterial substance (the mind). However, we will find it inconceivable to understand the idea of a science of man if we cannot understand how the two substances interact.Therefore, again, we have no proof that it is possible to build a political philosophy on the basis of a science of man. On p213 of Davidson , we find an report of monisms and dualisms. Theories are thus divided into four sorts nomological monism, which affirms that there are correlating laws and that the events correlated are on e (materialists belong in this category) nomological dualism, which compromises various forms of parallelism, interactionism and epiphenominalism anomalous dualism which combines ontological dualism with the worldwide failure of laws correlating the mental and the physical (cartesianism).And finally there is anomalous monism which shows an ontological bias only in that it allows the possibility that not all events are mental, era insisting that all events are physical. The final position is that which Davidson himself follows. Davidsons argument suggests that the psychology of man does not follow any causal laws. Therefore, it is impossible to impose any rationality on theories involving the mind. These anomological psychological states are defeasable. They are defeasable because it is possible that by adding another condition to the situation the expected behaviour changes.Therefore it is impossible to agree with any political philosophy that involves the necessity of a science o f man. What is easily discovered is that there are many contrasting political philosophies and many different concepts as to what is a science of man. Philosophers such as Hobbes and his counterparts, Mill and Marx, possess the shared assumption that political philosophers must accept the political opinion that they are arguing for. They all think that rational agents must accept their arguments yet they all have different arguments.They all believe that for a successful political structure human nature cannot be ignored, if the structure is to command respect. As I have shown, Descartes and Davidson on the other hand, believe that a science of man is impossible Descartes because he believes that our minds are immaterial and Davidson because mans behaviour follows no causal laws. All of this shows us that trying to interpret mans actions and apply them to a science is an impossible conquest. Man is too complicated a mechanism to understand and therefore political philosophy, for a sensible and rational social structure, must be founded on another basis.

A Raisin in the Sun Essay Example for Free

A Raisin in the Sun EssayIn the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry you go back in time to when segregation was still aloud. In this play you meet a cast of people with dreams of a better life. The American Dream, to be specific. This dream is represent differently for each character, all of which impact the play. Two of these characters are Walter Lee Younger and Lena Younger. In Raisin in the Sun milliampere and Walters American dreams conflict and impact the family through materialism and desire to be the ideal American family in conjunction. Mama and Walter two desire to provide for their family. They two look at money as success. When the $10,000 insurance check comes along, Mama sees it as a chance for her family to finally live up and be more than like the rest of the American society. She aspires to look after her family, by giving them a house, a car, and most of all- happiness. Walter on the other hand becomes obsessed with his dreams of business, which he believes will result in financial independence to provide for his family.He feels ashamed when he cant give money to his son. When Travis asks for fifty cents and commiseration tells him they dont have it, Walter gives him fifty cents anyway. In fact, heres another fifty cents Buy yourself some fruit today- or take a taxicab to school or something(12) He yearns for his son Travis to look up to him. He adds another fifty to make this more real or true. This excessively shows how Walter looks at money as success. Walter believes this will be true if he has his dream of owning his own business or all in all- wealth.Success to twain them means that they no longer have to struggle, and live up to what people perceive. Mama distinguishes herself from Walter when it comes to materialistic matters. The first thing mama does when she gets the insurance money is bribe a house for her family. This shows how the capitalistic society is having a materialistic effect on Mama. Mamas dream c onsists of a house and laughing(prenominal) family. Mamas plant is a perfect indication of her dream. It symbolizes her family in a way. When the family is down, the plant is down.Mama is constantly in protection of the plant, in hopes of holding on to her dream. Walter in comparison is always looking to be somebody and make it in life. Walter sees wealth as the only solution to this. He longs for financial support. He becomes corrupted by society -to find his identity through money. Walter tells his mother, I want so many things(60). This shows his greediness. All in all Mama and Walters dreams both involve money. Mama shows us her longing for the acceptance of society when she immediately buys a house in a white neighborhood, to provide for her family.Walter shows us his discouragement to be a valuable human being when he steals money in hopes of starting his liquor business. Walter wants to be respected and live a happy lifestyle for this family. He longs to be the head of the household. Walter sees himself with a liquor store as having power. It isnt till the end until he rethinks the determine of himself and his familys future about how there is more to living than just having material riches. Mama only yearns for her family to be respected and live up to what society perceives.No matter what you perceive The American Dream to be, it is possible to attain it and be successful. The American Dream is whatever your dream of success perceives to be. Hansberry shows how hard it was for morose people to find their identities during segregated times. Walter and Mama learn that money doesnt possess much when it comes by itself. In Raisin in the Sun Mama and Walters American dreams differentiate and impact the family through their wanting to be accepted in society and live in peace. Anyone in this country can attempt happiness and success if they work at it.

Homelessness Is More Than Missing a House Essay Example for Free

Homelessness Is More Than Missing a House EssayWe always take a chance these types of people A man who is shaking a cup and trying to present a smiling face to you on the side of the street, his coins are impinging against each other, and his clothes were tatty and his shoes unmatched. Or at night, a crew of people who sit or sleep in front of a store with some filthy blankets on. We dont know what kind of attempts affect their homelessness, but we could easily recognize them, probably take pity on them and maybe give them change or food. Homeless people might not expect financial assist but they need mental throw because they are not retributory physically lacking(p) a offer and they have nothing to lose after the spiritual collapse by missing heart protections. We need to emotionally help them by more psychological fixing.Barbara Lazear Ascher states that we were able to help homeless people by more attentions in her article, On Compassion. Ascher argues that we should pay more attention to the homeless by helping them. She says, We cannot deny the existence of the helpless as their presence grows. It is impossible to insulate ourselves against what is at our very door step (213). We can help them by possibly give a used blanket or some warm soup. However, scotch contribution might not able to fix the issue, according to Anna Quindlens in her Homeless, Home is where the heart is. Theres no commit like it(217). Once those homeless people lose their homes, they lose everything physically, and emotionally miss their hearts and believe, trustfulness of lives, thats what m singley or food couldnt build.Ascher believes that the general public should treat homeless people better. She begins with stating that people shouldnt judge the homeless by their appearances. She tells a story of a homeless man, His buttonless shirt, with one sleeve missing, hangs outside the waist of his baggy trousers. Carefully plaited dreadlocks bespeak a better time, long a go. As he crosses Manhattans Seventy-ninth Street, his gait is the shuffle of the forget ones held in place by gravity rather than plans (211). What a pitiful man What a tragic abjection came down onto his life He maybe was a successful businessman in his earlier life? By giving expand of a homeless person, she sets up the fundamentals of her paper and that straightforwardly grabs attention and sympathy from the audience skillful into the story.Ascher also observes how did aloof neighbors ignore the homeless person outdoor(a), A man with a briefcase lifts and lowers the shinny toe of his right shoe, watching the light reflect, trying to catch and balance it, as if he could hold and make it his, to ease the heavy gray of coming January, February, and March(212). A well-educated man would not prefer to give up a dime to the person, and how round others? The rest couple in this image, are standing farthermost away from the man, five of them, are anxiously staring at the directio n that the crosstown shuttle come from(212). They feel there was nothing to do about this situation, they were totally out of this moment. Because of human nature, they refused to lower their dignities and positions to help out the homeless man even though he didnt ask for it.Comparing with details of the homeless person exterior by Barbara L. Ascher, Anna Quindlen begins her study in a much different way. She said I was wasting my time talking to her she was on the dot passing through, although shed been passing through for more than two weeks. To prove to me that this was true, she rummaged through a tote bag and a manila envelope and in the end unfolded a sheet of typing paper and brought out her photographs(216). Quindlen tells the story of a strange woman whom Quindlen met. The woman was carrying a picture of her old and common house all the time at the bus terminal. Quindlen recognized the lady, She had a house, or at least once upon a time had had one. Inside were curtains , a couch, a stove, potholders. You are where you live. She was somebody(217).From the opening of both stories between Ascher and Quindlen, Ascher focused on expressing the pitiful image of homelessness to the public, bring sympathy and help to them. However, In Quindlens essay Homeless, she brought the arguement that societys view of home has changed in the past few generations. What could we accomplish by changing our perspective on homelessness? In this context, Quindlen noted that a home is, simply more than an exact house-a home becomes a place where we can feel connected emotionally and physically with our families.That was also the main cause why those homeless people refused to live in shelters, mostly they preferred to live on random streets. Because the homes they used to have, were more like a image exists in their minds, it was more than just a house and mailing address. However it was a place where it collected emotions such as love, hate, happiness, sadness, and it wa s a place that offered pull and security. They used to express themselves in home but not in the shelter. Quindlen stated that our society should have treated those people as a allurement of people who are not homeless, but are just missing a home.The main purpose of Barbara Lazear Aschers On Compassion encounter in couple different acts of how do people treat homeless people. She witnesses both neglect and kindness to the homeless people by the general society. She also inquisitively gives how does the middle-class do not scan the poor and homeless of homeless people. However, Anna Quindlen expresses her points in a different view of homelessness. Her point shows we should be able to understand of the depth of the issues of homelessness, and the most important thing for those people is a sense of hearts place, a home.Homeless circumstances sound far away from us because we have our body and mind protected in our home. Nevertheless, the lady from Quindlens story who carried the picture of her house with her all the time, owned her respect and faith of a home, and shouldnt be treated as a homeless person. There are a lot of things we can do other than just give them food. We could smile, talk, and even contribute a hug for them. Home is not just a house or mailing address. Home is the place where a familys body and emotions are collected. It also provides the bridge that connects families. People laugh, cry, become angry or stressed, we are dealing with every kind of emotions in our insouciant life and finally we find out the best place to express all of these emotions are in our home.

Strategies to Lower Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions

Strategies to Lower Carbon Dioxide (CO2) EmissionsCarbon dioxide emissions from extension service I countries soak up established since 1990 but are suppuration rapidly in developing countries (non Annex I countries) at a rate of around 4% per year which is reflected in the world emissions which are emergence roughly 600 million rafts of CO2 per year.Carbon dioxide emissions are the dominant component of nursery gas emissions, but poseed in 2006 besides 69,6% of the full(a) emissions. The remaining 30.4% are methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases with proud global warming potential (GWP) which are SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride), HFCs (hydrofluorcarbons) and PFCs (perfluorcarbons). (Figure 4).Usually one expresses GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent. Total emissions in 2005 were approximately 45 Gtons of CO2.equivalent of which 30 Gtons of CO2.To reduce CO2 and other GHG emissions became thus one of the most urgent tasks we are facing today. There are two approache s to deal this problemuse muscle more goodly, consequently emitting less CO2 and extending the life of fossil fuels reserves.increase the contribution of renewable energies in the world vigour matrixNational governments as well as some sectors of the productive system (industry, transportation, residential and others) can adopt these solutions in differentiated degrees.In industrialise countries, which shake off already reached a high direct of power consumption per thugita, cypher efficiency is the low hanging fruit approach that can be more easily implemented. renewable energies can also play a significant role.In developing countries where nix consumption per hoodita is low, and the need for the growth for energies work is inevitable, it can be done incorporating aboriginal, in the process of development, clean and efficient technologies as well as renewable energies, following a different avenue than that done in the past by todays industrialise countriesWe go away discuss hereafter the potential of vital force efficiency, renewable energies and emissions trading schemes in achieving the objectives of reducing colorhouse gas emissions.RENEWABLE ENERGIESTable I lists the renewable energy used in the world at the end of 2008 by all types of renewable openings, as well their yearly growth order. Traditional biomass is left out of this table because it is used mainly in rural areas as cooking fuel or char blacken in ways that are frequently non renewable, leading to deforestation and soil degradationRenewables (including large hydro) represented, in 2008, approximately 5% of the world?s total firsthand energy consumption but are growing at a rate of 6.3% per year while total primary energy supply is growing at a smaller rate of approximately 2% per year.Taking into account the appropriate efficiency and capacity factors* the numbers in Table I can be converted into the total primary energy contribution from renewables (Table II) and Figu re 6.An extrapolation of the contribution of renewables up to 2030 on the basis of the rates of growth in the last 10 years is shown in Figure 7.To will an view of the effort that would be needed to curb CO2 emissions up to 2050 the IEA produced recently two scenarios of what would be required in terms of renewables in the electricity sector. The results are shown in Table III.In the IEA Scenarios nuclear energy and coal and gas fired thermal power plants (with carbon capture and computer storage CCS) are included.These numbers are very large but give an idea of the effort required to prevent a catastrophic climate change.The main policy instruments used to accelerate the introduction of renewables in the energy system of a number of countries are feed in tariffs and renewable portfolio standards (RPS)Feed-in tariffs this is a policy adopted by governments to accelerate the introduction of renewable energy sources in their matrixes. cause companies are obliged to taint renewable energy from independent producers, at a fixed price above the average cost of production. These incremental be of renewable energy over fossil fuels can be transferred to consumers. Germany has had striking success with feed-in tariffs over the last two decades, supplying 15% of its energy inescapably through renewable sources. The German approach involves guaranteed fixed payments for 20 years designed to deliver a profit of 7 to 9 percent. The rates charged vary by energy source and are tied to the cost of production. The rates paid for new contracts decline annually, forcing the green energy sector to innovate.Renewable Portfolio Standards such approach lay outs an obligation on electricity supply companies to produce a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy sources (typically 10-20%). Certified renewable energy generators earn certificates for every unit of electricity they produce and can sell these along with their electricity to supply companies. R PS-type mechanisms boast been adopted in the UK, Italy and Belgium, as well as in 27 States in the US and the District of Columbia. Regulations vary from state to state, and there is no federal policy. Four of the 27 states realise voluntary rather than mandatory goals. Together these 27 states account for more than 42 percent of the electricity sales in the country.Renewable energies are universe introduced in a significant way in many countries particularly in Europe in the form of distributed generation* ( ) (mostly renewable) which seems to be the approach to be used in large scale in the future. (Figure 8)ENERGY EFFICIENCYThe amount of energy required to provide the energy services needed depends on the efficiency with which the energy is produced, delivered and used.Gains in energy efficiency are usually measured by indicators, one of which is called energy earnestness and defined as the energy necessary (E) per unit of gross domestic product (GDP).I = E/GDPReduction in th e energy intensity over time render that the same amount of GDP is obtained with a smaller energy input as shown in Figure 9.In terms of CO2 emissions for the OECD countries means a decrement of emissions of roughly 350 million tons of CO2 per year.The reasons for such decline are a combination of the following factors.structural changes in industrialized and renewing countries which can come from increased recycling and substitution of energy-intensive materials improved material efficiency and intensified use of durable and investment goods,shifts to services and less energy-intensive industrial production, andsaturation effects in the residential and transportation sectors (i.e., a limit to the number of cars, refrigerators, television sets, etc., that a society can absorb).Since more than 80% of the energy used in the world today comes from fossil fuels the decrement in energy intensity is reflected in a reduction in carbon intensity (I=CO2/GDP) which is shown in Figure 11. As can be seem there is a steady decline in the carbon intensity in OECD countries. In non-OECD countries there was also a decline but it has stabilized after the year 2000.Over the next twenty years the amount of primary energy required for a given level of energy services could be cost-effectively trim back by 25 to 35 percent in industrialized countries. Reductions of more than 40 percent are cost-effectively achievable in transitional economies within the next two decades. In most developing countries ? which tend to have high economic growth and old capital and vehicle stocks ? the cost-effective improvement potential ranges from 30 to more than 45 percent, relative to energy efficiencies achieved with alert capital stock.The combined result of structural changes and efficiency improvements could accelerate the annual decline in energy intensity to perhaps 2.5 percent. How much of this potential will be realized depends on the effectiveness of policy frameworks and measures, changes in attitude and behavior, as well as the level of entrepreneurial activity in energy conservation and material efficiency.Standards (e.g., building codes well-informed consumers, planners, and decision makers motivated operators market-based incentives such as certificate markets and an adequate payments system ( ) for energy) are central to the successful carrying out of energy efficiency improvements.EMISSIONS TRADINGIn addition to national efforts to curb GHG emissions through increased energy efficiency measures and the use of renewable energy source trading emissions is a strategy used to control pollution by providing incentive s for achieving reductions in the emission of pollutants. Usually it is called a ?cap and trade? system and the way is works is the followingA central authority (usually a government or international body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that can be emitted. Companies or other groups are issued emission permits and are required to hold an equivalent number of allowances (or credits) which represent the right to emit a specific amount. The total amount of allowances and credits cannot drop dead the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Companies that need to increase their emission allowances must buy credits from those who pollute less. The transfer of allowances is referred to as a trade. In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller is being rewarded for having reduced emissions. An early example of an emission trading system has been the SO2 trading system below the framework of the Acid Rain Program of the 1990 Clean Air Act in the U.S. Under the program, which is essentially a cap-and-trade emissions trading system, SO2 emissions were reduced by 50 percent from 1980 levels by 2007. Some experts argue that the cap and trade system of SO2 emissions reduction has reduced the cost of controlling acid rain by as much as 80 percent versus source-by-source reduction?.( )At the international level the Kyoto Protocol (KP) adopted in 1997 and which came into force in 2005, binds most developed nations to a cap and trade system for the six major greenhouse gases. In spite of being a signatory of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the United States is the only industrialized nation (i.e., at a lower place the KP Annex I) which has not ratified and therefore is not bound by it. Emission quotas were agreed by each participating country, with the intention of reducing their boilersuit emissions by 5.2% of their 1990 levels by the end of 2012. Under the Treaty, for the 5-year compliance period from 2008 until 2012, nations that emit less than their quota will be able to sell emission credits to nations that exceed their quota through use of the following flexibility mechanismsJoint carrying into action projects (JI)Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)International Emissions Trading (IET).The second commitment period of the KP, unitedly with a long-term cooperative action under the UNFCCC, will be discussed by nations at the end of 2009.THE EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME (EU ETS)The European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) is the largest multi-national, emissions trading scheme in the world, and is a major pillar of EU climate policy.Under the EU ETS, the governments of the EU Member States agree on national emission caps which have to be approved by the EU commission, allocate allowances to their industrial operators, track and validate the veridical emissions in accordance against the relevant assigned amount.In the first pattern (2005-2007), the EU ETS includes some 12,000 installations, representing approximately 40% of EU CO2 emissions, (2.4 one thousand million tons of CO2 equivalent) covering energy activities (combustion installations with a rated thermal input exceeding 20 MW, mineral oil refineries, coke ovens, production and processing of ferrous metals, mineral industry (cem ent clinker, glass and ceramic bricks) and pulp, paper and board activities.The scheme, in which all 15 member states that were then members of the European Union participated, nominally commenced operation on January 1st, 2005, although national registries were unable to settle transactions for the first few months.The first trading period of the EU ETS ran for three years, from January 1st, 2005 until the end of 2007. With its termination first phase allowances became invalid. The goal of the trial period was primarily to gain experience with key elements of the trading system in order to have a fully practicable system for 2008-2012 when compliance with binding reductions would be required under the Kyoto Protocol. (Table IV)The price of allowances increased more or less steadily to its peak level in April 2006 of about ?30 per tonne CO2, but fell in May 2006 to under ?10/ton on news that some countries were likely to give their industries such generous emission caps that there was no need for them to reduce emissions. When the publication of 2005 verified emissions data in May 2006 highlighted this over-allocation, the market reacted by considerably lowering the price of allowances. Prices dropped precipitously to ?1.2 a tonne in March 2007, declining to ?0.10 in September 2007, because allowances could not be carried over or ? beached? and used in the next trading period.Although the first phase ended disastrously, because the allowances could not be banked to the next phase, it did not impact on the prices for contracts for 2008, the first year of the second phase. merchandise participants knew already in 2007 that phase II would be more stringent in relation to the cap and less lenient in relation to allowances, which explains the high prices for 2008 allowances.The first EU ETS Trading Period expired in declination 2007. Since January 2008, the second Trading Period is under way which will last until December 2012. Currently, the installations get t he allowances for free from the EU member states governments. Besides receiving this initial allocation on a plant-by-plant basis, an operator may purchase EU allowances from others (installations, traders, the government).In January 2008, the European Commission proposed a number of changes to the scheme, including centralized allocation (no more national allocation plans) by an EU authority, a turn to auctioning a greater care (60+ %) of permits rather than allocating freely, and inclusion of other greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide and per-fluorocarbons. These changes are still in a draft stage the mentioned amendments are only likely to become effective from January 2013 onwards, i.e. in the third Trading Period under the EU ETS. Also, the proposed caps for the third Trading Period foresee an overall reduction of greenhouse gases for the sector of 21% in 2020 compared to 2005 emissions. The EU ETS has recently been extended to the airline industry as well, but these change s will not take place until 2012.In addition, the third trading period will be both more economically efficient and environmentally effective. It will be more efficient because trading periods will be longer (8 years instead of 5 years), and a substantial increase in the amount of auctioning (from less than 4% in phase 2 to more than half in phase 3). The environmental effectiveness will be guaranteed by a robust and annually declining emissions cap (21% reduction in 2020 compared to 2005) and a centralized allocation process within the European Commission.A robust secondary market for carbon certificates exists through which investors bank on the future value of the EU ETS certificates changing many times. However the ETS doesn?t include transport, thus this action is limited to industrial process and energy sector.JOINT IMPLEMENTATION (JI)Joint implementation is one of flexibility mechanisms set forth in the Kyoto Protocol to help countries with binding greenhouse gas emissions ta rgets (so-called Annex I countries) meet their obligations. In this mechanism any Annex I countries can invest in emission reduction projects (referred to as Joint Implementation Projects) in any other Annex I country as an alternative to reducing emissions domestically. In this way countries can lower the costs of complying with their Kyoto targets by investing in greenhouse gas reductions in an Annex I country where reductions are cheaper, and then applying the credit for those reductions towards their commitment goal.The process of receiving credit for JI projects is somewhat complex. Emission reductions are awarded credits called Emission Reduction Units (ERUs), where one ERU represents an emission reduction equaling one tonne of CO2 equivalent. The ERUs come from the host countrys pot of assigned emissions credits, known as Assigned Amount Units, or AAUs ( ).After a long preparatory process JI projects began to take shape. As of June 2009, 207 projects have been submitted. If all implemented they will lead to emissions reduction of 338,048 million times CO2 equivalent in the period 2008-2012. The great majority of the projects are in the Russian Federation and Eastern European countries. The number of JI projects by type is given in Figure 14.So far the only certificates issued (ERUs) emissions reduction units are 651 thousand CO2 equivalent for coal bed/mine methane.CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)The Clean Development Mechanism is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment (called Annex B countries) to invest in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries. A crucial feature of an approved CDM carbon project is that it has established that the planned reductions would not occur without the additional incentive provided by emission reductions credits, a concept known as additionality.The CDM allows net global greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced at a much lower global cost by financing emissions reduction projects in developing countries where costs are lower than in industrialized countries.The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).By June 1 2009, 4,417 projects have been submitted which if all implemented correspond to 2,931,813 million tons of CO2 equivalent. It represents roughly 1% of the total necessary effort to curb GHG emissions until 2050. near 75% of the CDM projects are in China.In contrast to emissions trading schemes which are actively traded in the stock market JI and CDM are project-based transaction.THE STIMULUS parcelA significant amount of the stimulus package adopted by a number of governments to face the financial crisis of 2007/2008 is made of investments in so called ?green? activities. They amount to 6% of the total recovery packages announced by governments (US$184.9billion dollars). (Figure 17)China and the US remain the leaders, in nominal terms, of the green stimuli activities, earmarking US$ 68.7 billion and US$ 66.6 billion respectively.The sector break-down shows that energy efficiency (Figure 18) remains at the heart of the low-carbon fiscal stimuli. Accounting for as much as 36% of the total US$ 184.9 billion, the sector will receive a boost of some US$ 65.7 billion globally, mainly via building efficiency projects. In addition to that, US$ 7.9 billion has been announced for research and development in energy efficiency. The second major winner is electricity grid infrastructure. More than US$ 48.7 billion has been earmarked for its development and upgrade, bill for some 26% of the total funds.The Department of Energy has already disbursed US$ 41.9 million in grants for fuel cell energy projects.Furthermore, US$ 101.5 million has been enjoin to wind energy r esearch and detailed plans have been disclosed on US$ 2.4 billion to be spent on carbon capture and storage and US$ 4 billion for grid upgrades. Details of almost US$ 1.3 billion, out of US$ 2 billion to support energy science research, have also been confirmed and there are now only some US$ 725 million remaining to be allocated.